Young Goodman Brown Goodman Brown Essays - Abrahamic Mythology

Young Goodman Brown Goodman Brown Young Goodman Brown is a moral story that is told through the perversion of a religious leader. In Young Goodman Brown, Goodman Brown is a Puritan minister who lets his excessive pride in himself interfere with his relations with the community after he meets with the devil, and causes him to live the life of an exile in his own community. Young Goodman Brown begins when Faith, Brown's wife, asks him not to go on an errand. Goodman Brown says to his love and (my) Faith that this one night I must tarry away from thee. When he says his love and his Faith, he is talking to his wife, but he is also talking to his faith to God. He is venturing into the woods to meet with the Devil, and by doing so, he leaves his unquestionable faith in God with his wife. He resolves that he will cling to her skirts and follow her to Heaven. This is an example of the excessive pride because he feels that he can sin and meet with the Devil because of this promise that he made to himself. There is a tremendous irony to this promise because when Goodman Brown comes back at dawn; he can no longer look at his wife with the same faith he had before. When Goodman Brown finally meets with the Devil, he declares that the reason he was late was because Faith kept me back awhile. This statement has a double meaning because his wife physically prevented him from being on time for his meeting with the devil, but his faith to God psychologically delayed his meeting with the devil. The Devil had with him a staff that bore the likeness of a great black snake. The staff which looked like a snake is a reference to the snake in the story of Adam and Eve. The snake led Adam and Eve to their destruction by leading them to the Tree of Knowledge. The Adam and Eve story is similar to Goodman Brown in that they are both seeking unfathomable amounts of knowledge. Once Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge they were expelled from their paradise. The Devil's staff eventually leads Goodman Brown to the Devil's ceremony which destroys Goodman Brown's faith in his fellow man, therefore expelling him from his utopia. Goodman Brown almost immediately declares that he kept his meeting with the Devil and no longer wishes to continue on his errand with the Devil. He says that he comes from a race of honest men and good Christians and that his father had never gone on this errand and nor will he. The Devil is quick to point out however that he was with his father and grandfather when they were flogging a woman or burning an Indian village, respectively. These acts are ironic in that they were bad deeds done in the name of good, and it shows that he does not come from good Christians. When Goodman Brown's first excuse not to carry on with the errand proves to be unconvincing, he says he can't go because of his wife, Faith. And because of her, he can not carry out the errand any further. At this point the Devil agrees with him and tells him to turn back to prevent that Faith should come to any harm like the old woman in front of them on the path. Ironically, Goodman Brown's faith is harmed because the woman on the path is the woman who taught him his catechism in youth, and was still his moral and spiritual adviser. The Devil and the woman talk and afterward, Brown continues to walk on with the Devil in the disbelief of what he had just witnessed. Ironically, he blames the woman for consorting with the Devil but his own pride stops him from realizing that his faults are the same as the woman's. Brown again decides that he will no longer to continue on his errand and rationalizes that just because his teacher was not going to heaven, why should he quit my dear Faith, and go after her. At this, the Devil tosses Goodman Brown his staff (which will lead

Human Interactions with Environment in Ancient Egypt Essays

Human Interactions with Environment in Ancient Egypt Essays Human Interactions with Environment in Ancient Egypt Paper Human Interactions with Environment in Ancient Egypt Paper Experience made them able hunters and gatherers, and later made them adept at herding. But, lacking the experience of modern people, they assumed that they were at the center of the universe, which they saw as flat, small and under sky. They were doing the best they could in drawing conclusions about the world around them. Much of the Paleolithic Age occurred during the period in the earths history known as the Ice Age. Around this time glaciers advanced and retreated many times. Because the people during the Paleolithic Age were living during such a harsh time they had to get adjusted to their environment so they started to depend on animals for their source of food. Since the eoliths people were nomads and hunters and gathers, they followed their source of food. In this time their main source of food were the huge animals that traveled together such as mammoths. They used their environment to help them survive. The Paleolithic people lived in caves and tents made from animal skin, their cloth were made from animal skin and leaves. It is hard to imagine how Neanderthals or Homo sapiens could have survived without fire during the Ice Age. The first stone tools were probably used as projectiles or to hit with them like with a mace. Later, the primitive humans observed that Rosen stones had cutting edges that could inflict deeper wounds or cut animals into pieces. Step by step, people learned to hit stone by stone to produce sharpened tools. The stone processing was used until the discovery of the metals by Homo sapiens, after the Neolithic[l ]. Stone scrapers were used for removing the skins of the animals. Stone axes were used for wounding or cutting up the prey. They had handles made of wood or deer antlers. Stone drills were used too. During the Upper Paleolithic (40,000 to 10,000 BC), more complex stone tools appeared, like stone lamps that were filled with grease and had a wick made of plant fibers. The exile arrow points were complex, having rods that allowed them to be joined to the shaft via a resin or tendons. Bone harpoons and needles from this period were found in Europe[2] During the Neolithic era people were developing ways to communicate, better ways to make weapons, better ways to obtain food and started to develop a religion. The Neolithic people discovered a way to obtain a better source of food. They discovered how to farm. They started to grow crops and became farmers. They would usually look for sources of water and build irrigation systems. The great source of food now game them time to title down and become civilizations. As they settled down they also found a way to domesticate animals. Their diet probably consisted of dairy products such as milk, cheese, meat and a variety of edible grains; wheat, barley, and rice. Because they discovered how to tame the animals they started to develop their technology they made their cloth from wool from the goats. Neolithic people were mostly farmers and herders, but then there were certain people who didnt want to be a farmer or an animal tamer. These people started to specialize in different jobs, jobs that needed to be done. For example crafts like carpentry, weaving and pottery. Carpentry was needed to make homes and buildings, the weaving was needed for the cloth, and pottery was needed to make bowls or statues or even ornaments, decorative ornaments. They also developed sets of rules to guide ones behavior. With no defined difference between spirit and materiality, they believed that in preserving a corpse they were also helping to preserve the spirit of one who had died. And they believed that they could nourish the spirit of the corpse by putting gifts of food alongside it.

Report in auditing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Report in auditing - Essay Example The fact that the external auditors will not be able to physically inspect or examine the audit procedures does not comply with the GAAS (Standards of Field Work, No. 3). This standard explicitly requires the auditor's ability to examine, inspect, observe and confirm the accounting information obtained during the audit procedures. Standard No. 3 of GAAS General Standards requires "mental independence" on the part of the auditor, which might not be fulfilled because the acquiring auditing firm's principal partner is a cousin to TPC's CEO. In this situation, the auditor might not be able to give a free and independent opinion and rather be under significant pressure throughout the process. The last situation is entirely in violation of GAAS Standards of Reporting No. 1. This standard requires that the company's financial statements should be in full compliance with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). However, according to the aforesaid situation, TPC's accounting records have not been prepared in accordance with the GAAP standards. In order to bring the audit in compliance with the GAAS standards, the first action that should be taken is to provide the auditor complete mental freedom to undertake the audit process and independently obtain the information required to carry out the process. This can be done if the influence of auditor's relative is avoided. Another step which is important to be undertaken is that the auditors should be provided an opportunity to perform physical examination wherever possible. Otherwise the auditor will need to mention his inability to perform physical inspection in the report and reflect this fact in his final opinion to bring the audit in compliance with the GAAS standards. Also any corrections in TPC's accounts and financial recording should be made, where possible, so as to

Do you think the drone strikes should end Why or why not Essay

Do you think the drone strikes should end Why or why not - Essay Example Drone strikes attacks in Pakistan and other bases should be stopped because innocent lives are being taken, the local population of both the U.S. and Pakistan are against these attacks, as they do not agree that this is the way eliminate terrorists. Also, relationship between the U.S. and Pakistan are weakening and such attacks increase the number of terrorists instead of decreasing it. The purpose of the drone strikes attack is to eliminate terrorists but not kill the innocent civilians, if the drone strikes attack would has the chance to hurt those local civilians, we should stop using the drone strikes and find another way to eliminate the terrorists. It has been reported by Dawn.com that the death of 1 terrorist caused by drone attacks conducted by US results in the death of 140 innocent civilians of Pakistan (Dawn.com, 2012). The report even stated that during 2009, a total of 44 drone strikes attacks were launched on Pakistan and these caused the death of 700 innocent civilians of Pakistan and only killed 5 members of the Taliban (Dawn.com, 2012). This has made the accuracy of drone strikes questionable because during 2009, drone strikes attacks were only able to achieve success of 11% (Dawn.com, 2012). For example, the insight for drone strikes attacks is gained by information collected that is not always accurate. U.S. drone strikes attacks may end up killing several innocent people just on the basis of false information or not accurately identify terrorist targets. Because the drone strikes doesn’t operate by human when it’s implementing the action, once it collected the wrong information even navigate to the residential district, the drone strikes would still make the action because it can’t analysis the data but only implement the order. The aim of the war on terrorist is to reduce and eliminate terrorist groups and individuals but using the drone strikes may kill the innocent people. Replacing the drone strikes with foot soldier s is a completely failed idea. Foot soldiers can not be replaced as foot soldiers are aware of the exact locations of the terrorists and they have the ability to make timely decisions to avoid any civilian casualties. Another reason is the drone strikes attacks conducted on Pakistan and Yemen are increasing the number of terrorists and terrorist organization. Baker institute blog’s research states that according to Fawaz Gerges who is a well-know analyst of terrorist movements, the drone strikes attacks conducted on Yemen are increasing the number of terrorists as these people want to take revenge for these drone strikes attacks (Baker Institute, 2012). In the same blog, it’s also stated that Christopher Swift believes that people of Yemen are accepting groups such as Taliban in response to the U.S drone attacks (Baker Institute, 2012).).These researches clearly state that the U.S drone strikes attack is leading to creation of more terrorists within the nations of Afgh anistan, Yemen and Pakistan. For example, once the drone strike takes place on the basis wrong information, it may end up killing a group of innocent people who have nothing to do with the war. These people do not have any connection with the terrorists. After innocent lives are taken due to drone strike attacks conducted by the U.S., those who are related to

Learning styles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Learning styles - Essay Example †¢ Visual-spatial-usually reflects in by means of physical space, they are responsive to their environments. They draw complete puzzles, study maps, and daydream. They can be educated through drawings, oral and physical imagery. Tools used include graphics, television, models, photographs, video conferencing video, drawings, multimedia 3-D modeling, etc.†¢ Visual-spatial-usually reflects in by means of physical space, they are responsive to their environments. They draw complete puzzles, study maps, and daydream. They can be educated through drawings, oral and physical imagery. Tools used include graphics, television, models, photographs, video conferencing video, drawings, multimedia 3-D modeling, etc.†¢ Bodily-kinesthetic-utilize body effectively, like a surgeon or a dancer.   Awareness of the body .they like touching, movement, and making things. They communicate through body language, and they learn using physical activity, acting out hands-on learning and role-p laying. Tools used are real objects and equipment.†¢ Musical-sensitive to sound and rhythm. They like music and are sensitive to all sounds in their surroundings. They study well with music in the surroundings. They learn by turning classes into lyrics, tapping out time and talking rhythmically. Tools used include music, stereo, multimedia, musical instruments and CD-ROM.†¢ Interpersonal-interacting and understanding other people. Learning takes place through interaction; students have several friends and compassion for others. They learn through dialogues, group activities, and seminars. Tools used include video conferencing, audio conferencing, writing, E-mail, the telephone computer conferencing and attention from the tutor.†¢ Intrapersonal-involves considering one’s own goals and interest. These students regress from others, they are in harmony with their feelings.

Piagets Theory Of Child Development

Piagets Theory Of Child Development ‘Grand development theory: outline the strengths and weaknesses of Piagets theory of child development. Do you think that Piaget s theories still have an important place in modern psychology?’ Introduction In the 20s century, the first main theory of child development was established by Jean Piaget (Miller, 2011:649). Piaget’s contribution (1986-1980) has had great impacts on progress developmental psychology, particularly in the area of child and cognitive development. He also used a scientific method to understand developmental cognition among infancy and childhood (Oates Grayson, 2004: 14). Piaget tried to know the root of intelligence in infancy and the change of their knowledge which occur over the period of time. He thought children pass a series of cognitive phases in the same order (Bernstein Roy, 2008: 464). Although Piaget’s theory of cognitive development has criticized due to defect in some respects (Lourenco Machado, 1996), his notions about children and their cognitive development have significant effected on developmental psychology (Bernstein Roy, 2008: 464). This assignment firstly will demonstrate Piaget’s contribution in the field of child de velopment .it then it shows the weaknesses of Piaget’s theory about cognitive development among children. And it then describe Piaget’s theory and modern psychology. Piaget Contribution Piaget is a professional expert in the field of cognitive development. Beilin (1992: 191, cited in Shaffer Kipp, 2010: 278) put it, â€Å"assessing the impact of Piaget on developmental psychology is like assessing the impact of Shakespeare on English literature or Aristotle on philosophy—impossible†. Furthermore, another famous expert in the field of child development his name is Flavall also stated that â€Å"many of Piaget’s contributions have become so much a part of the way we view cognitive development nowadays that they are virtually invisible† (Flavell, 1996: 202, cited in Kail, 2012: 179). In terms of children’s thinking, Piaget revealed that children’s thinking is not as same as adults. Piaget emphasized that children require obtaining experience to learn. Then they can create their own plan and vary them in necessary time. This method to teach children was very diverse if comparing with other approach which had before him. Hence Piaget has a substantial effect on the education of children (Westman and Costello, 2011: 16). With respects of applying Piaget’s theory to educate children, the Piaget’s approach of education has had a profound effect on education process. Piaget’s developmental theory has had three major implications for educating children. Firstly, in terms of â€Å"readiness†, children have to be taught according to their ability particularly the teaching of science and mathematics. In addition, the tasks which are set by the teachers have to be appropriate to the level of children’s perception and cognition. Secondly, as regards curriculum, teaching recourses such as science and math should involve concrete materials which students can use them skillfully. Thirdly, children learn from self-activity and actions and teachers must understand every child’s requirements in order to build knowledge in terms of their needs (Gross, 2010: 538). Piaget transformed cognition into developmental science. Piaget proved that cognition is the main part of the science of cognitive development. He also demonstrated why the processes of cognition are the central of development psychology and offered some approaches which can be employed to test them (Kail, 2012: 179). Piaget provided the development psychology with a completely new notion about children’s nature, and the cognition of child development how and when occurs. Hence the role of Piaget in the development of cognition was as similar as Chomskys influence on the development of language (Flavell, 1996: 200). Piaget exposed the stages of cognitive development among children. Feldman (2013: 352) state that â€Å"No theory of cognitive development has had more impact than that of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget† .He thought that children pass a series of four phases in unchangeable order. Piaget preserved that the cognitive stages vary not merely in the quantity of knowledge at each phases, however, in the quality of understanding and information as well (Feldman, 2013: 352). the weaknesses of Piaget theory Despite all of these Piaget’s contribution, his theory about the child development has been criticized by some psychologists in order to reveal some weaknesses. His theory has some shortcomings which including underestimate and overestimate child’s capacity, ignoring culture influence on child development and methodological limitations. Piaget underestimated and overestimated children capability. Underestimate of infancy and childhood’s competence and overestimate the capability of adolescents could be considered as a major defect in Piaget’s theory. The contemporary science of child development has exposed that toddlers and infants have capability more than Piaget’s expectation (Kail, 2012:180). Some skilled cognition among children appears earlier than Piaget realized and others emerge latter (Carpenter, 2011, cited in Santrock, 2011:50). As an example, evidences have been revealed that object performance in children start to develop 3 to 4 months earlier than he believed (Baillargeon, 2002; Wang, Baillargeon, Paterson, 2005, cited in Weiten, 2010: 456). This means infants have greater ability to understand objects than Piaget thought (Kail, 2012:181). However, some adolescent’s competence was overestimated by Piaget’s cognitive theory (Cacioppo and Freberg, 2013: 531). According to Piaget children in formal operation stage can understand the principles of math (Pastorino and Doyle-Portillo, 2013: 340). Nevertheless, Cacioppo and Freberg (2013: 531) state that Piaget was very wrong because of the level of children’s thinking is not fully mature, hence they cannot think logically. Piaget ignored cultural influence on cognitive development Another criticism which has directed Piaget’s theory is that the impact of social environment and cultural factors in child’s cognitive development were paid small attention by Piaget (Costello Westman, 2001:138). Cultural and life pattern has more effect than Piaget thought on cognitive development. As an example, nomadic tribe does not interest in counting objects. Thus nomadic children learn conservancy of figures later than in Western culture (Franzoi, 2011:237). Another illustration of this the children in Hausa tribe in Nigeria do not know about conservation principles, because families in this tribe send their children to the school in early age (Fahrmeier, 1978, cited in Martin, Carlson and Buskist, 1997: 513). Although the impact of cultural factors on the rate of cognitive development was admitted by Piaget, the contemporary science of developmental psychology has found that culture has a great role in child’s thinking as well (Gauvain, 2001; Rogoff, 1 998, 2003, cited in Shaffer Kipp: 280). At the same time Piaget neglected social interaction among individuals in cognitive development (Shaffer Kipp: 280). Interaction with peers, family members even whit teachers led to develop children understands. Piaget sometimes mentioned the influence of social environment and he did not ignore it at all (Kail, 2012:181). He believed that social interaction assists children to avoid egocentric tendency. However he did not find how social interaction assists child’s development (Fleming, 2004: 30) Methodological and approach barriers. Piaget’s theory has been criticized not only with regard to problem of estimate children ability but his theory has some problem in terms of the principles of developmental science. In terms of observe his infants; Piaget has not observed a great variety of children, Instead of Piaget examines 30 or 40 children in his research to find a respectable result he studied his own children at the â€Å"Rousseau Institute†. This means he has a small case study, the probability of biases in interpretable behavior of his own children, the difficulty in controlling environment and making his observation only in the laboratory (Miller, 2012, 85) Piaget usually utilized the clinical method. Employing clinical method to observe children might lead to give different questions to different children. However, uniform materials, instructions and measures of answer questions are the spine of experimental psychology (Miller, 2012, 85). Modern psychologists have been frustrated by Piaget’s reports of his experiment. Piaget did not mention bout the level of social economy of children, the number of participants, participant’s race and even he did not give us enough detail about his testing procedures as well. It might be difficult to decide whether Piaget is describing to children hypothetically or he really tested children. Piaget was poor in analyze of statistics. In his words, â€Å"Psychologists over-generalized their methods and arrived at delightful trivialities, particularly when an army of scientists translated their results into mathematical terms† (1918, p. 63). Furthermore, â€Å"acute observation, especially when made by [a good observer] . . . , surpasses all statistics† (1936/1952, p. 72, cited in Miller, 2012, 85-86). Statistical summaries were not given by Piaget about his discovery, he supplied a specimen protocols which are lengthy interpreted by Piaget. Therefore he read s frequently cannot understand Piaget’s themes easily (Miller, 2012, 85-86). Piaget and modern psychology Despite all of these shortcomings, Piaget has remained as a substantial character in the realm of cognitive psychology (Lourenco Machado, 1996, cite in Woolf, Namy, Lynn and Lilienfeld, 2011: 375). Nowadays, based on Piaget’s theory the science of cognitive development has been re-conceptualized by psychologists (Woolf, Namy, Lynn and Lilienfeld, 2011: 375). Moreover, according to Fleming (2004: 31) the influence of Piaget’s theories on cognitive development among children will probably continue for a long time. Piagets Theory of Child Development Piagets Theory of Child Development The first two years are very important in a child development. In this essay you will find the key concepts and theories of cognitive, social and emotional development in infancy. I am going to explain what cognitive development is and focus on cognitive theory of Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget and acquisition of language and perception. This essay will tell you what are the most common emotions of infants and what can causes it. Also, it will introduce you to psychoanalytical theories of a child development by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson and the differences between it. What is more, I will explain what attachment is and the importance of it, also, explain Bowlbys attachment theory and how attachment develops during the first two years. In this essay I will explain why social workers need to know child development theories and why they may come in contact with the infant and his or her family. Infancy. Infancy is the period of human development from birth to around 18 24 months. The period of infancy is loosely defined and depends on social convention. Infants depend on more mature caregivers to meet all their needs, who support their development (Davies, 2008). One of the main issues of development is nature versus nurture. The supporters of nature emphasize the importance of genes and biology. According to them, all normal children achieve the same development milestones at similar times and differences among children occur due to differences in genetic makeups. Meanwhile, nurture supporters emphasize environment-conditions and events outside the person (Sigelman, 1999). Cognitive development Cognitive theories emphasize mental aspects of development, for example logic and memory. Jean Piaget was one of the most influential theorists of development psychology. He had been studying childrens development of logical thinking for six decades (Boyd, Bee, 2009). The success of Piaget theory is largely due to accurate observations of his children at home (Slee, 2002). According to Piaget the childs ability to think, reason and understand the world is rapidly growing during the first two years of life. He or she is an active participant in growth process (Slee, 2002). Piaget claims that key elements in cognitive development are assimilation and accommodation. When a child incorporates new information into existing patterns of thought and behaviour assimilation occurs. Meanwhile, during accommodation the infant has to change an existing structure in order to deal with new information (Slee, 2002). Piaget believed that the process of learning is intrinsically satisfying to the infant. Moreover, the first 18 months of life represent enormous gains in the infants intellectual development. (Slee, 2002, p.143) Piaget divided cognitive development into four major periods. The period from birth to age 2 is called sensorimotor stage (Sigelman, 1999). Throughout this stage the infant is actively discovering about the world and his or her effects upon it. (Durkin, 1995) In this period intelligence is manifested in action (Mussen, Conger, Kagan, Huston, 1990). It is divided into 6 substages (Slee, 2002). During substage 1(0-1 months) reflexes, for example sucking, are being used in order to assimilate their experience of the world. During first month reflex, such as sucking, is modified and becomes more efficient. But not all reflexes change in this substage (Slee, 2002). According to Piaget in substage 2 (1-4 months), the key element is a repetition of movements, or primary circulation reactions. It involves only infants own body, for instance, infant finds having a thumb in mouth a pleasant sensation and if the thumb falls out, he or she will try to put it back (Slee, 2002). In substage 3 (4-8 months) the repetition of primary circular reactions acts on the world outside the childs body (Slee, 2002). By repeating some actions the infant tries to trigger reactions outside his or her body (Boyd, Bee, 2009). In substage 4 (8-12 months) the infant becomes capable of keeping a goal in mind and achieving it. The baby is able to combine two schemes in order to achieve his or her goal, for example moving aside a pillow in order to reach a toy (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Substage 5 (12-18 months) is a stage of tertiary circular reactions during which the infant is actively seeking novelty and the child experiments. (Slee, 2002) It is the time when the infant tries out new ways of playing and manipulating objects (Boyd, Bee, 2009). In the final substage 6 (18-24 months) the infant becomes able to manipulate mental symbols, such as words and images. Symbols start to represent objects or events (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Many studies have shown that Piaget have underestimated the cognitive capacity of children. Researchers discovered that infants better understand object movements, than Piaget suggested and imitation appears at younger age (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Language. Piaget did not focus much on the development of language. Even though, infants make a huge progress, starting with babbling to the earliest ability to understand the meaning of individual words, to first word at around 12 months of age (Wilson, et al., 2008). At the beginning infants can understand many more words than they can use in their own speech. The infant develops a wide range of communicative gestures, before using words (Lefrancois, 1999). At this time infants tend to learn words slowly, but from 16 months to the end of second year they start acquiring words much faster. By 24 months infants are able to use 300 words (Wilson, et al., 2008). There is also known that children begin to talk sooner, develop larger vocabularies if their parents talk to them often, read to them regularly and use wide range of words (Boyd, Bee, 2009). In general language acquisition follows a regular sequence, although, there are wide variations in the patters and speed of language. Some children start using individual words at 8 months, meanwhile others not until 18 months (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Speech delays can be an early indicator of the childs atypical development. (Wilson, et al., 2008) Perception. With the help of the various sensory modalities, like sight, hearing, taste and smell, infants pay attention to the changes around them (Slee, 2002). Early perceptual learning depends on experiences (Boyd, Bee, 2009). During first 2 months, babies are looking for meaningful patterns. Sharp-dark light contrast, which normally signals the edge of some object, stops babies scanning the world around them. Between 2 and 3months the infant starts paying attention to what the object is, rather than where the object is (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Babies are able to differentiate sound to an impressive degree. They can discriminate the loudness and pitch of sound. DeCasper and Fifer found that infant is capable to recognise mothers voice from another female voice, but not fathers voice from another male voice. Soon after birth infants are able to identify the source of odour and react to it, by turning towards or away from it. Infants show preference for sweet substances (Slee, 2002). Emotions Crying, smiling and fear reactions are the most popular emotions of the infant, according to the most of research .Gianino and Tronick argued that infants are capable to regulate or control their emotions, for example by turning away or sucking a thumb (Lefrancois, 1999). Infant crying, explain Pinyerd, is one the infants main ways of communicating both physiological and psychological distress. However, not all infant cries are cries of pain, hunger or distress. (Lefrancois, 1999, p. 161). Crying because of hunger or pain can be eliminated; meanwhile, unidentifiable cry is harder to stop. Constant crying can be highly annoying for parents and siblings (Lefrancois, 1999). Smiling and laughing is a core part of parent-child interaction. First smile can appear as early as two to twelve hours after birth, even though it is not a social smile, but rather a reflex. Social smile is a response to auditory and visual stimuli, for example response to a caregivers face. From 3  ½ month the infant is able to produce selective social smile. The infants react to social stimuli that are familiar (Lefrancois, 1999). According to Watson and Rayner, loud noises and sudden loss of support can cause the infants fear. To paraphrase Hebb, fear can occur then the infant develops certain expectations about the world and those expectations are violated (Lefrancois, 1999). Psychoanalytical theories Psychoanalytic theorists believe that development change happens because of internal drives and emotions influence behaviour. (Bee, Boyd, 2009, p. 27) According to this theory infants get more pleasure from mouthing objects than from manipulating them with other parts of their body (Boyd, Bee, 2009). According to Freuds personality development theory, at birth infants were equipped with biological instincts that demanded satisfaction, which was driven by self-presentation and procreation (Slee, 2002). Freud argued that there are three different levels of personality in human development: id, ego and superego (Lefrancois, 1999). The oral stage (0-1  ½ years). In Freuds theory, during the first year of life the psychic energy of the infant is focused on the mouth. Events surrounding the reduction of physic tension and attaining pleasure relate primarily to acts of feeding, such as sucking on a nipple or bottle. (Slee, 2002, p. 161) Freud argued that infant becomes focused on the person providing gratification and reducing the level of psychic tension. According to Freud, attachment is developing between the child and the person. He argued that the amount of gratification is very important in progressing to the next stage. To little or too much of gratification, would end in fixation at the oral stage. To paraphrase Freud it could as adults derive and undue amount of pleasure from mouth. Under gratification as adults may lead to depression, meanwhile, over gratification can cause adults to become excessively dependent upon others (Slee, 2002). During this stage the infants personality mainly consists if id. The infant is driven by an urge to seek immediate satisfaction of impulses. He or she does not know what is possible or impossible, has no sense of reality and conscience (Lefrancois, 1999). Many developmentalists fault Freud for proposing a theory without hardly any evidence to support it. His theory is difficult to test as it requires studying unconscious motivations and unseen id, ego and superego (Sigelman, 1999). On the other hand, his theories helped to alert parents and those working with children about the importance of the first years of life and rich emotional life. It helped Erikson and Bowlby to build on Freuds idea about the significance of the infancy for further development (Slee, 2002) According to Kegan, it is used in clinics and hospital by mental health practitioners (Lefrancois, 1999). Psychosocial approach. Erikson was inspired by Freuds psychoanalytical theories. But there are major differences between Freud and Erikson. Erikson concentrated on the importance of social environment; meanwhile, Freud emphasized the importance of sexuality and psychodynamic conflicts. Opposite to Freud, Erikson was concerned with the healthy personality (Lefrancois, 1999). According to Erikson there are 8 human development stages (Lefrancois, 1999). Erikson like Freud believed that every stage had crucial issue, which had to be dealt with before moving to the next stage (Slee, 2002). Basic trust versus (0-1  ½ years). According to Erikson, during this stage the main issue is the development of a sense of trust. The development of a sense of trust depends on the quality of care rather than quantity the infant receives (Slee, 2002). The infant is initially faced with a conflict between mistrust of a world about which little is known and an inclination to develop a trusting attitude toward that world hence mistrust. (Lefrancois, 1999, p. 35) At this point a primary caregiver usually mother, is the most important person. The relationship between caregiver and the infant determines the resolution of the conflict between trust and mistrust and realization that the world is predictable, safe and loving. There is a risk of the infant growing up mistrustful and anxious, if the crucial issue of the stage is not resolved (Lefrancois, 1999). Many people found Eriksons theory more acceptable than Freuds, as it emphasize the interaction of biological and social influences. At the same time, despite providing a useful description of human personality development, it still does not explain how this development comes about (Sigelman, 1999). Attachment An attachment is an emotional bond in which a persons sense of security is bound up in the relationship. (Bee, Boyd, 2009, p. 150) The infant forms a special relationship with caregivers and experiences pleasure and security in their presence, but anxiety and distress when they are gone (Bremner, Fogel, 2007). John Bowlby has developed the most influential theory of parent/child and other relationship attachment. His attachment theory was based on ethological and psychoanalytical theories and modern cognitive psychology (Sigelman, 1999). Bowlby argued that attachment to one or more caregivers is genetically programmed in everyone. According to Bowlby infants behave in a way to ensure the proximity of the caregiver. In order caregivers to respond, infants cry, cling, smile or babble. As a result of this behaviour, attachment gradually develops. This kind of behaviour is directed to a particular person, preferably to a mother, than strangers. Attachment starts to be organized some time during second six months (Slee, 2002). Bowlby divided infants development of attachment in 4 phases (Boyd, Bee, 2009): Nonfocused orienting and signalling phase (birth to 3 months). In order to draw the attention and signal their needs infants cry, smile and make eye contacts (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Focus on one or more figures phase (3to 6 months). Infants concentrate come here signals to people with whom they spend most of the time. Meanwhile, response to unfamiliar people becomes less common (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Secure base behaviour phase (6 to 24 months). The infants start to seek proximity by following and clinging to caregivers, especially when they are anxious, hungry or injured. This behaviour is directed to a primary caregiver and only others, if the primary caregiver is not available or not responding (Boyd, Bee, 2009). Internal model phase (24 months and beyond). Infants learn how an anticipated action might affect the bonds they share with caregivers (Boyd, Bee, 2009). To sum up, according to Bowlby attachment is a part of our evolutionary heritage. With the help of interaction of biological and environmental forces attachment develops during infancy. Later development and quality of relationship is determined by the first attachment relationship between the infant and the caregiver (Sigelman, 1999). Some theorists argue, including Piaget, that the infants relationships with peers are at least as significant as the parent/infant relationship. They argue that those relationships contribute differently to development (Sigelman, 1999). Social work with infants When we talk about social work with infants, the family of the baby is a part of it. Social workers safeguard children and prevent them from suffering. It is crucial for a social worker to know the child development theories in order to undertake assessments, which includes seeing, observing, engaging, talking and doing various activities with the child (OLoughlin, 2008). Social worker may come in contact with the infant and his family if the infant was damaged before birth (for example foetal alcohol syndrome), parents experience mental illness or misuse of alcohol or drugs. Due to issues that parents face, the infant may be harmed as the needs of the child is not met, for example not dressed properly, nappies are not changed, malnutrition, staying in a not safe environment. Due to these circumstances infants cognitive development might be delayed. Depressed mothers can interact with the child less or express anger, which may lead to insecurely attached children (OLoughlin, 2008). Some parents may be too immature or preoccupied by personal problems to give their child enough affection and care. In that case the infant is not able to develop a sense of trust and later, growing autonomy (Herbert, Harper-Dorton, 2002). When working with the infant and family it is not only important to assess the infant, it is also crucial to assess parenting capacity. Parents should be able access and provide for the childs physical needs. Family is responsible for childs safety. The infant should receive secure, stable and affectionate relationships with caregivers. They should promote childs learning and intellectual development through interaction, communication, talking and responding to the child. Parents are responsible for the infants ability to regulate his or her emotions and behaviour (OLoughlin, 2008). Conclusion An understanding of infant development patterns and concepts is necessary for parents and caregivers, as well as all professionals who may come in contact with the child. By knowing them parents can create nurturing, caring and safe environment. It is useful for social workers as well, as they can assess infant and ensure that all their needs are met. Knowing the importance of cognitive development allows caregivers to support it by encouraging exploration, thinking and leaning. By talking to children more often and reading them regularly, caregivers can improve their language skills. Failure to acquire language skills can be indicator that there might be development difficulties or lack of language stimulation. Attachment development is crucial during infancy as well, especially with the primary caregiver, usually mother. It provides healthy emotional and social development and determines later development and quality of relationship. Even though psychoanalytical theory of personal development by Freud is highly criticized, as there is no evidence to test it, it had a major impact on theories about childrens socio-emotional development.

Scuba Diving Essay -- essays research papers

This Essay will illustrate some of the basic aspects of scuba diving. It will show the steps involved in assembling the scuba gear. The price range of scuba gear. The basic principles of diving, and were to go to get certified in scuba diving. It will also reveal some fun things that can be done while diving . The assembly of the scuba gear is very simple. First have your tank filled to the recommended amount of pressure (usually 3000 psi). Take the tank with the valve handle to the right, and set it in front of you. Next take the Buoyancy Compensator (B.C.) and attach it to the tank by putting the straps around the tank and tightening them. After the tank is secure, check to make sure that the O’ring on the valve of the tank is in place and in good condition. loosen the first stage of the regulator and place it over the valve of the tank. Then tighten the first stage securely, but not overly tight. Attach your octopus to the B.C. Then Pick up the pressure gauge and point it away from the body, and others. Turn the handle on the tank, to supply the regulator and gauges with air pressure. The gauges are pointed away from the body to avoid injury if the gauge were to malfunction. Listen for any leaks, and read the gauge and make sure that it is some what close to the pressure that was put in to the tank. Last you need to inflate the B.C.,and purge the regulator to make sure that they work properly. The gear is now ready to be used. Scuba gear is very affordable. Sc...

Home Is Where the Heart Is

Growing up in foster care kids never grow to understand the phrase, â€Å"Home is where the heart is. † This phrase isn’t making reference to a house or a tangible item in your life. An emotional connection you have with someone or something is what I believe home represents. The feeling of being secure, knowing you’ll be taken care of no mater what you say or do, and always feeling like your loved and wanted. Hundreds of kids have grown accustomed to the feeling of hopelessness and loneliness. Kids have grown accustomed to feeling like they don’t belong anywhere; I was once one of those kids. I remember the bone-chilling feeling of seeing the black almost hearse-like car coming to take me away from the only place I was familiar with. I remember the feeling of confusion, the feeling of sorrow, and the feeling of anger. I remember getting into the car and smelling the old, damp, mildewed scent of previous the rider’s tears. The tears I had grown so accustomed to. I remembered how I wished to scream and squeal, like the brakes, when the car stopped at my new quarters. I remember telling myself, â€Å"Don’t get comfortable Josh, because you won’t be here long, right? I’ll be home soon. Right? † I remember the feeling of being abandoned, the feeling of being unwanted, feeling just plain alone. Throughout my years as a foster child and adolescent, I moved in and out of countless houses, met and said goodbye to countless families, friends, and teachers. I remember the Bensons; they took me in when I was seven. I had already been moved around eight times. The first thing they said to me was, â€Å"It’ll be okay, you don’t have to worry anymore, you’ll be here for a long time. The weight of uncertainty lifting off your shoulders is a good feeling; in fact, it could be the best. Being able to take off your shoes, plunge down on the couch, and say hello to someone who says hello back. Having the ability to look someone in the eyes and, not only feel, but here, â€Å"I love you. † Home to me is all of those things tied together and put in my back pocket, saved for a rainy day. I grew comfortable and unworried the two years I didn’t have to pack around any extra weight with me. It was presentation day, in my third grade class. For my presentation I chose an animal, the cheetah. Did you know that a family of cheetahs will stay together until the babies are all grown up, and will support each other? † I gave my presentation and was feeling good about it. I was chosen to hold our class pet, the gerbil, he was brown and smelled almost exactly like an old crusty sock, I was overtaken by the joy of his warm pulsing body. My class and I were sitting in a circle around my teacher, listening to our daily reading of the second Harry Potter, when the door opened and the sound of my teachers voice was cut short of telling us what happened next. Two gloomy adults came in, a man and a woman. The man was tall, dressed in nice black slacks and a black sports jacket, the woman was short, dressed in black dress pants and a red sweater which had thirteen black buttons straight down the front. My teacher excused herself and met them at the front of the class. My friend and I started laughing at the gerbil; he was doing summersaults on my lap and almost fell off. â€Å"Josh,† my teacher called my name, â€Å"Come up here please,† I gave the gerbil to my friend and went to the front of the class. As I was walking to the front of the class, I noticed my teacher’s eyes; they seemed to be turning a glossy color, almost like two wet marbles shimmering in the bright sun. The two people dressed in black were smiling down at me with blank expressionless looks on there faces and said â€Å"hello. † Their words were cold and harsh. I noticed a sharp fast glare, almost like needles, injected from my teacher to the two people dressed in black. My teacher knelt down to my level so we were both eye to eye. She stared at me with her big marbles and said, â€Å"Josh, these people are going to take you out to lunch. You need to go with them, OK Josh. † My teacher’s eyes were getting wetter, â€Å"You need to be a big boy, OK Josh. You be a big boy now. † Before I knew it, she had engulfed me into her chest, wrapped me neatly into her arms, and covered my head with her chin. Warmth and love surged through my body as if I was hit by a bolt of lightning cupid had mistaken for an arrow. I felt a warm drop of water hit my head. â€Å"OK Josh, it is time to go,† said the large man dressed in black. I felt his cold hand grab my shoulder, abruptly stopping the lightning from continuing through my body, forcing it out of me. My teacher released me, stood back to her full height, and pricked them agin with her needle. The woman dressed in black took my hand; her hand felt like an ice cube, cold and damp. The man and woman led me away from my teacher, away from my friends, away from my security, away from my love, away from my peace. As soon as I got into the lifeless car, all of the lost feelings returned to me at once. â€Å"It’s happened again. What’s wrong this time? Was it me? Maybe I can take whatever I did back and say I’m sorry? † â€Å"Josh, we’re taking you to another house. An enormous weight hit my chest; I couldn’t breathe, I felt my eyes swelling, my nose began to run. A salty liquid hit my mouth again and again, my memories flooding out, like millions of bees swarming and stinging after their homes have been breached by smoke, engulfing me. Just as I had felt for years and years kids are still felling today. Kids still feel unwanted and unloved, kids still don’t have the consistency and trust they need to become who they are and construct their home, and kids still have the lay their head down every night and wonder if the pillow their laying on will be the same tomorrow night. Kids in foster care may have a house but they don’t have anyone they can make a home with. People in the foster system are so concerned with is putting kids in houses (not saying that this is a bad thing), but they should focus more on the home. Instead of being full of emptiness the kid’s homes that they create, should be full of trust and security, truthfulness and consistency, laughter and love.

Wendys Case Study Essays

Wendys Case Study Essays Wendys Case Study Essay Wendys Case Study Essay Wendys International operates a chain of fast food restaurants, primarily operating under Wendys Old Fashioned Hamburgers, Tim Hortons and Baja Fresh brands. The company has about 9700 restaurants in 20 countries. Wendys has also been included in Fortune magazines list of top 500 US companies. It is headquartered in Dublin, Ohio and employs about 58,000 people. The company recorded revenues of $3635. 4 million during the fiscal year ended December 2004, an increase of 15. 4% over 2003. This increase is primarily attributable to higher volume sales. The operating profit of the company during fiscal 2004 was $226. million, a decrease of 45. 8% from fiscal 2003. The net profit was $52. 0 million during fiscal year 2004, a decrease of 78. 0% over 2003. Wendys guiding mission is to deliver superior quality products and services for their customers and communities through leadership, innovation and partnerships. Wendys vision is to be the quality leader in everything they do. Wendys did show a lot of new ideas as far as the remote environment was concerned, for instance it established stored abroad, in the national expansion the franchisee agreement was for the area, a region and not for a store. Here she made agreements for time, area, technical associations and royalty. There are different problems that she has faced like inflation, energy problems, increasing labor cost and increasing beef price. Even though the sites were remote there were site approval procedures for locations, on-site inspections and evaluation, counseling in buildings, training for franchisees at Wendys headquarters, advice on suppliers, staff representatives to help open each restaurant and ongoing support. Even currently Wendy is expanding into the European and Japanese markets. The US, Wendys largest geographical market, accounted for 68. 1% of the total revenues in the fiscal year 2004. Revenues from the US reached $2,475. 2 million in 2004, an increase of 12. 7% over fiscal 2003. Canada accounted for 31. 3% of the total revenues. Revenues from Canada reached $1138. 6 million in 2004, an increase of 21. 8% over fiscal 2003. Other international operations accounted for 0. 6% of the total revenues. Revenues from other international operations reached $21. 6 million in 2004, an increase of 27. % over fiscal 2003. The issue is that Wendys has reacted to the environment, granted but to what extent has she been successful? Currently exercising greater control over the current franchisees and also exercising greater control over the franchisees and expanding in foreign countries is an example of adapting to remote environment. Within the industry environment, Wendy came up with the idea of having a quarter pound patties, square patties and only burgers so that she could carve a niche for herself. She did not want to go head long into direct competition with McDonalds and Burger Kings. Wendys showed good adaptability by differentiated her menu from that of her competitors. In 1979, Wendy has started the salad bar and breakfast concept which has been accepted well. Then it began to increase the dinner and weekend business and prepared to open another 240 to 300 Wendys restaurants system wide. In short to every challenge and problem she had faced, Wendys has been able to come up with an adaptation. Wendys innovation pipeline produced several new products in 2004, including our Chicken Temptations sandwiches, Spinach Chicken Salad and Home-style Chicken Strips Salad. Wendys also introduced their new Kids Meals, which allow the substitution, at no extra charge, of Mandarin oranges for fries, and milk for a soft drink. Wendys saw many of their product and service innovations such as salads, premium sandwiches, chicken strips, healthy menu options and late-night hours being imitated by their competitors in 2004. Wendy also streamlined her building, pickup window and dioor. This contributed to her delivery system. Wendys turned out to be according to their own reporting, the fastest delivery system in the industry. In the 1980-89 Wendys brought about a change in the management reorganization which was responsible for major restructuring, a move which shows adaptability in the operating environment. Wendys operational focus will continue during 2005 with the rollout of the double-sided grill, which offers competitive advantages in improved product safety, enhanced product quality, faster cooking times and labor savings. Wendys expect the double-sided grill to be implemented system wide by 2007. Along with the double-sided grill rollout, Wendys is moving forward with the implementation of new technology in their Wendys restaurants. Electronic payment, which is now in nearly all of their stores, is a convenience for their customers and results in a higher average check. As part of their store automation program, Wendys have also implemented demand forecasting, labor scheduling and computer based training to improve their store-level efficiencies.

Lab Report On Sensory Threshold

Lab Report On Sensory Threshold postcentral gyrus.Lab report on Sensory Threshold In this lab the purpose is to test the sensory threshold of a human body. To say it in terms that are easier to understand, we are testing how accurate certain points are on a body with response to touch. We are using three points on the body, the forearm, palm, and index finger. With these three points we will be testing to see how sensitive each point on the body is by measuring the distance of which we can feel one or two points. The part of the brain that allows us to feel, the somatosensory cortex, is mapped out in relation to which parts of the body it processes its touch. Parts of our bodies have different densities of pressure receptors, the densities of these receptors correlates to the amount of brain tissue devoted to processing the somatosensory information. The face for example has a high densities of pressure therefor the somatosensory cortex has a large amount of area for the face, compared to the leg that doesn't have as much pressure receptors, and therefore uses a small area of the somatosensory cortex. (See illustration Fig. 511) With this information about how touch relates to the somatosensory cortex I expect that the index finger will be the point where we are the most sensitive then the palm followed by the forearm. The index finger should be able to detect the smallest distance between pokers than the palm or the forearm.To test the threshold of the human body we took a divider with two sharp points on the end of it. With the pointer we were able to set it to different measurements. We used measurements from .25 centimeters to 4 centimeters with an increment of .25 centimeters. After me measured...

North Country Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

North Country - Essay Example However, an underlying issue in this positive feedback was the equally superb characterization of the other roles, which highlighted the value of the Josey Aimes character. One of the most important of these supporting roles was the character played by Frances McDormand, Glory Dodge. She was Aimes’ best friend and that she was the one who encouraged Josey to work on the mines. In perhaps the best description of Glory, Kyle spoke on her behalf and declared: â€Å"My name is Glory Dodge and I’m not fucking dead yet. I stand with Josey.† Through the other characters, Theron was able to deliver and demonstrate what was called for by her role. There was a requirement to give the character as well as the narrative the compelling human detail. Through Dodge, for example, the director and storyteller were able to depict a believable Josey, one who just wanted a house of her own, sufficient meals and clothes for her children and just enough extra dollars so she could buy her son hockey skates once in a while. Dodge played the proverbial best friend, who was there to highlight the need, frustrations and longings of the leading character. In many instances, she offered the ways out of the mess for Josey. Concerning the mine, it was Glory who told Josey about the mine, about how working for it could mean a decent life for her family. Dodge, besides playing the part of the best friend – the person who is there to help, cheer, scold and be nice to Josey – also reinforced Aimes’ experience as a woman miner. Like Josey, she was a miner and had been subjected to such workplace vicissitudes including being sexually harassed, discriminated upon and treated as someone inferior simply because of her gender. Glory warned that Josey have to be tough and that she should learn to get right back to the men and not to show that her experiences get to her. What is interesting here is that Dodge offered an alternative approach in dealing with

Analysis of The Ali G Show Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Analysis of The Ali G Show - Article Example Channel 4 is a publicly owned entity owned and operated by Channel Four Television Corporation. Channel 4 transmits some of the most promising TV programmes like Desperate Housewives, How I Met Your Mom and more controversial programmes like Ali G and Brass Eye, which has been condemned by the general population, religious organizations and politicians as well. Channel 4’s tag line is ‘demonstrating innovation and experiment’ (Channel 4 2011). The Ali G show is one of the controversial programmes aired by Channel 4 (Kelso 2002). The Ali G show is a satirical programme starring Ali G, a character played by British actor Sacha Baron Cohen. The series has been aired twice; the original in the UK in 2000 and its follow up was aired between 2003 and 2004 in the US channel HBO and was called Ali G in the USA. Ali G plays a host in an interview show where he interviews celebrities, high-ranking officials in different capacities and politicians, but in a comical way. One of the reasons it is comical is that the interviewees usually think it is a serious talk show until later on during the interviews. Ali G’s full-screen name is Alistair Leslie Graham, but he shortens it to what he believes is a more interesting name that can better be identified with a more youthful, hip hop and Caribbean oriented crowd, Ali G. his accent is also exaggerated a lot with the Afro-Caribbean accent. His clothing, character and the way he carries himself around are also influenced largely by hip-hop. Ali G is always in brightly colored tracksuits, sports sneakers, a tight headgear called a du-rag and matching sunglasses that give him his unique look. Furthermore, he imitates African-Americans a lot, even though he is from the UK. His interviewing skills are also anything but comical. In the USA for instance, he tells his interviewees, usually celebrities, that he is a British media personality that wants to interview them about the media and politics. And just lik e in normal interviews, the collected and well-groomed celebrities start to answer his questions the way they are used to in other conventional interviews they attend. The issue is, they are not aware that Ali G is probably pulling their legs and that his interviews are neither normal nor conventional. As soon as the celebrities answer the questions, Ali G picks up a word they have said and twists and turns it and the rest of the interview leaves the formerly collected celebrity lost for words, before finally realizing that Ali G is not really serious. He calls on his ‘hommies’ to give opinions and ask other silly questions that leave interviewees agape and very uncomfortable. His ‘hommies’ or friends, including his girlfriend, are just as comical and unconventional as Ali G himself.